CoastSat is an open-source software toolkit written in Python that enables users to obtain time-series of shoreline position at any coastline worldwide from 30+ years (and growing) of publicly available satellite imagery.
The underlying approach of the CoastSat toolkit are described in detail in:
* Vos K., Splinter K.D., Harley M.D., Simmons J.A., Turner I.L. (2019). CoastSat: a Google Earth Engine-enabled Python toolkit to extract shorelines from publicly available satellite imagery. *Environmental Modelling and Software*. 122, 104528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2019.104528
Satellite remote sensing can provide low-cost long-term shoreline data capable of resolving the temporal scales of interest to coastal scientists and engineers at sites where no in-situ field measurements are available. CoastSat enables the non-expert user to extract shorelines from Landsat 5, Landsat 7, Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 images.
The shoreline detection algorithm implemented in CoastSat is optimised for sandy beach coastlines. It combines a sub-pixel border segmentation and an image classification component, which refines the segmentation into four distinct categories such that the shoreline detection is specific to the sand/water interface.
To run the toolbox you first need to install the required Python packages in an environment. To do this we will use **Anaconda**, which can be downloaded freely [here](https://www.anaconda.com/download/).
Once you have it installed on your PC, open the Anaconda prompt (in Mac and Linux, open a terminal window) and use the `cd` command (change directory) to go the folder where you have downloaded this repository.
**In case errors are raised:**: open the **Anaconda Navigator**, in the *Environments* tab click on *Import* and select the *environment.yml* file. For more details, the following [link](https://docs.conda.io/projects/conda/en/latest/user-guide/tasks/manage-environments.html#creating-an-environment-with-commands) shows how to create and manage an environment with Anaconda.
An example of how to run the software in a Jupyter Notebook is provided in the repository (`example_jupyter.ipynb`). To run this, first activate your `coastsat` environment with `conda activate coastsat` (if not already active), and then type:
A web browser window will open. Point to the directory where you downloaded this repository and click on `example_jupyter.ipynb`.
The following sections guide the reader through the different functionalities of CoastSat with an example at Narrabeen-Collaroy beach (Australia). If you prefer to use **Spyder**, **PyCharm** or other integrated development environments (IDEs), a Python script named `example.py` is also included in the repository.
If using `example.py` on **Spyder**, make sure that the Graphics Backend is set to **Automatic** and not **Inline** (as this mode doesn't allow to interact with the figures). To change this setting go under Preferences>IPython console>Graphics.
A Jupyter Notebook combines formatted text and code. To run the code, place your cursor inside one of the code sections and click on the `run cell` button (shown below) and progress forward.
To retrieve from the GEE server the avaiable satellite images cropped around the user-defined region of coasltine for the particular time period of interest, the following variables are required:
-`polygon`: the coordinates of the region of interest (longitude/latitude pairs in WGS84)
The call `metadata = SDS_download.retrieve_images(inputs)` will launch the retrieval of the images and store them as .TIF files (under *filepath\sitename*). The metadata contains the exact time of acquisition (in UTC time) and geometric accuracy of each downloaded image and is saved as `metadata_sitename.pkl`. If the images have already been downloaded previously and the user only wants to run the shoreline detection, the metadata can be loaded directly by running `metadata = SDS_download.get_metadata(inputs)`.
The screenshot below shows an example of inputs that will retrieve all the images of Collaroy-Narrrabeen (Australia) acquired by Sentinel-2 in December 2017.
To map the shorelines, the following user-defined settings are needed:
-`cloud_thresh`: threshold on maximum cloud cover that is acceptable on the images (value between 0 and 1 - this may require some initial experimentation).
-`output_epsg`: epsg code defining the spatial reference system of the shoreline coordinates. It has to be a cartesian coordinate system (i.e. projected) and not a geographical coordinate system (in latitude and longitude angles). See http://spatialreference.org/ to find the EPSG number corresponding to your local coordinate system.
-`check_detection`: if set to `True` the user can quality control each shoreline detection interactively (recommended when mapping shorelines for the first time).
-`save_figure`: if set to `True` a figure of each mapped shoreline is saved (under *filepath/sitename/jpg_files/detection*). Note that this may slow down the process.
There are additional parameters (`min_beach_size`, `buffer_size`, `min_length_sl`, `cloud_mask_issue` and `sand_color`) that can be tuned to optimise the shoreline detection (for Advanced users only). For the moment leave these parameters set to their default values, we will see later how they can be modified.
When `check_detection` is set to `True`, a figure like the one below appears and asks the user to manually accept/reject each detection by pressing **on the keyboard** the `right arrow` (⇨) to `keep` the shoreline or `left arrow` (⇦) to `skip` the mapped shoreline. The user can break the loop at any time by pressing `escape` (nothing will be saved though).
-`sitename_output.pkl`: contains a list with the shoreline coordinates, the exact timestamp at which the image was captured (UTC time), the geometric accuracy and the cloud cover of each individual image. This list can be manipulated with Python, a snippet of code to plot the results is provided in the example script.
-`sitename_output.geojson`: this output can be visualised in a GIS software (e.g., QGIS, ArcGIS).
The figure below shows how the satellite-derived shorelines can be opened in a GIS software (QGIS) using the `.geojson` output. Note that the coordinates in the `.geojson` file are in the spatial reference system defined by the `output_epsg`.
Before running the batch shoreline detection, there is the option to manually digitize a reference shoreline on one cloud-free image. This reference shoreline helps to reject outliers and false detections when mapping shorelines as it only considers as valid shorelines the points that are within a defined distance from this reference shoreline.
The maximum distance (in metres) allowed from the reference shoreline is defined by the parameter `max_dist_ref`. This parameter is set to a default value of 100 m. If you think that 100 m buffer from the reference shoreline will not capture the shoreline variability at your site, increase the value of this parameter. This may be the case for large nourishments or eroding/accreting coastlines.
As mentioned above, there are some additional parameters that can be modified to optimise the shoreline detection:
-`min_beach_area`: minimum allowable object area (in metres^2) for the class 'sand'. During the image classification, some features (for example, building roofs) may be incorrectly labelled as sand. To correct this, all the objects classified as sand containing less than a certain number of connected pixels are removed from the sand class. The default value is 4500 m^2, which corresponds to 20 connected pixels of 15 m^2. If you are looking at a very small beach (<20connectedpixelsontheimages),trydecreasingthevalueofthisparameter.
-`buffer_size`: radius (in metres) that defines the buffer around sandy pixels that is considered to calculate the sand/water threshold. The default value of `buffer_size` is 150 m. This parameter should be increased if you have a very wide (>150 m) surf zone or inter-tidal zone.
-`min_length_sl`: minimum length (in metres) of shoreline perimeter to be valid. This can be used to discard small features that are detected but do not correspond to the actual shoreline. The default value is 200 m. If the shoreline that you are trying to map is shorter than 200 m, decrease the value of this parameter.
-`cloud_mask_issue`: the cloud mask algorithm applied to Landsat images by USGS, namely CFMASK, does have difficulties sometimes with very bright features such as beaches or white-water in the ocean. This may result in pixels corresponding to a beach being identified as clouds and appear as masked pixels on your images. If this issue seems to be present in a large proportion of images from your local beach, you can switch this parameter to `True` and CoastSat will remove from the cloud mask the pixels that form very thin linear features, as often these are beaches and not clouds. Only activate this parameter if you observe this very specific cloud mask issue, otherwise leave to the default value of `False`.
-`sand_color`: this parameter can take 3 values: `default`, `dark` or `bright`. Only change this parameter if you are seing that with the `default` the sand pixels are not being classified as sand (in orange). If your beach has dark sand (grey/black sand beaches), you can set this parameter to `dark` and the classifier will be able to pick up the dark sand. On the other hand, if your beach has white sand and the `default` classifier is not picking it up, switch this parameter to `bright`. At this stage this option is only available for Landsat images (soon for Sentinel-2 as well).
This section shows how to obtain time-series of shoreline change along shore-normal transects. Each transect is defined by two points, its origin and a second point that defines its length and orientation. There are 3 options to define the coordinates of the transects:
1. Interactively draw shore-normal transects along the mapped shorelines:
**Note:** if you choose option 2 or 3, make sure that the points that you are providing are in the spatial reference system defined by `settings['output_epsg']`.
Once the shore-normal transects have been defined, the intersection between the 2D shorelines and the transects is computed with the following function:
The parameter `along_dist` defines the along-shore distance around the transect over which shoreline points are selected to compute the intersection. The default value is 25 m, which means that the intersection is computed as the median of the points located within 25 m of the transect (50 m alongshore-median). This helps to smooth out localised water levels in the swash zone.
4. When the branch is ready to be merged, create a Pull Request (how to make a clean pull request explained [here](https://gist.github.com/MarcDiethelm/7303312))
## References
1. Vos K., Harley M.D., Splinter K.D., Simmons J.A., Turner I.L. (2019). Sub-annual to multi-decadal shoreline variability from publicly available satellite imagery. *Coastal Engineering*. 150, 160–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2019.04.004
2. Vos K., Splinter K.D.,Harley M.D., Simmons J.A., Turner I.L. (2019). CoastSat: a Google Earth Engine-enabled Python toolkit to extract shorelines from publicly available satellite imagery. *Environmental Modelling and Software*. 122, 104528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2019.104528
