from operator import itemgetter as _itemgetter
from keyword import iskeyword as _iskeyword
import sys as _sys


def namedtuple(typename, field_names, verbose=False):
    """Returns a new subclass of tuple with named fields.

    >>> Point = namedtuple('Point', 'x y')
    >>> Point.__doc__                   # docstring for the new class
    'Point(x, y)'
    >>> p = Point(11, y=22)     # instantiate with positional args or keywords
    >>> p[0] + p[1]             # indexable like a plain tuple
    33
    >>> x, y = p                # unpack like a regular tuple
    >>> x, y
    (11, 22)
    >>> p.x + p.y               # fields also accessable by name
    33
    >>> d = p._asdict()         # convert to a dictionary
    >>> d['x']
    11
    >>> Point(**d)              # convert from a dictionary
    Point(x=11, y=22)
    >>> p._replace(x=100)       # _replace() is like str.replace() but targets named fields
    Point(x=100, y=22)

    """

    # Parse and validate the field names.  Validation serves two purposes,
    # generating informative error messages and preventing template injection
    # attacks.
    if isinstance(field_names, basestring):
        # names separated by whitespace and/or commas
        field_names = field_names.replace(',', ' ').split()
    field_names = tuple(field_names)
    for name in (typename,) + field_names:
        if not min(c.isalnum() or c == '_' for c in name):
            raise ValueError(
                'Type names and field names can only contain alphanumeric ' +
                'characters and underscores: %r' % name)
        if _iskeyword(name):
            raise ValueError(
                'Type names and field names cannot be a keyword: %r' % name)
        if name[0].isdigit():
            raise ValueError('Type names and field names cannot start ' +
                             'with a number: %r' % name)
    seen_names = set()
    for name in field_names:
        if name.startswith('_'):
            raise ValueError(
                'Field names cannot start with an underscore: %r' % name)
        if name in seen_names:
            raise ValueError('Encountered duplicate field name: %r' % name)
        seen_names.add(name)

    # Create and fill-in the class template
    numfields = len(field_names)
    # tuple repr without parens or quotes
    argtxt = repr(field_names).replace("'", "")[1:-1]
    reprtxt = ', '.join('%s=%%r' % name for name in field_names)
    dicttxt = ', '.join('%r: t[%d]' % (name, pos)
                        for pos, name in enumerate(field_names))
    template = '''class %(typename)s(tuple):
        '%(typename)s(%(argtxt)s)' \n
        __slots__ = () \n
        _fields = %(field_names)r \n
        def __new__(cls, %(argtxt)s):
            return tuple.__new__(cls, (%(argtxt)s)) \n
        @classmethod
        def _make(cls, iterable, new=tuple.__new__, len=len):
            'Make a new %(typename)s object from a sequence or iterable'
            result = new(cls, iterable)
            if len(result) != %(numfields)d:
                raise TypeError('Expected %(numfields)d arguments, got %%d' %% len(result))
            return result \n
        def __repr__(self):
            return '%(typename)s(%(reprtxt)s)' %% self \n
        def _asdict(t):
            'Return a new dict which maps field names to their values'
            return {%(dicttxt)s} \n
        def _replace(self, **kwds):
            'Return a new %(typename)s object replacing specified fields with new values'
            result = self._make(map(kwds.pop, %(field_names)r, self))
            if kwds:
                raise ValueError('Got unexpected field names: %%r' %% kwds.keys())
            return result \n\n''' % locals()
    for i, name in enumerate(field_names):
        template += '        %s = property(itemgetter(%d))\n' % (name, i)
    if verbose:
        print template

    # Execute the template string in a temporary namespace
    namespace = dict(itemgetter=_itemgetter)
    try:
        exec template in namespace
    except SyntaxError, e:
        raise SyntaxError(e.message + ':\n' + template)
    result = namespace[typename]

    # For pickling to work, the __module__ variable needs to be set to the
    # frame where the named tuple is created.  Bypass this step in enviroments
    # where sys._getframe is not defined (Jython for example).
    if hasattr(_sys, '_getframe'):
        result.__module__ = _sys._getframe(1).f_globals['__name__']

    return result


if __name__ == '__main__':
    # verify that instances can be pickled
    from cPickle import loads, dumps
    Point = namedtuple('Point', 'x, y', True)
    p = Point(x=10, y=20)
    assert p == loads(dumps(p))

    # test and demonstrate ability to override methods
    class Point(namedtuple('Point', 'x y')):

        @property
        def hypot(self):
            return (self.x ** 2 + self.y ** 2) ** 0.5

        def __str__(self):
            return 'Point: x=%6.3f y=%6.3f hypot=%6.3f' % (self.x, self.y,
                                                           self.hypot)

    for p in Point(3, 4), Point(14, 5), Point(9. / 7, 6):
        print p

    class Point(namedtuple('Point', 'x y')):
        '''Point class with optimized _make() and _replace()
            without error-checking
        '''
        _make = classmethod(tuple.__new__)

        def _replace(self, _map=map, **kwds):
            return self._make(_map(kwds.get, ('x', 'y'), self))

    print Point(11, 22)._replace(x=100)

    import doctest
    TestResults = namedtuple('TestResults', 'failed attempted')
    print TestResults(*doctest.testmod())