from __future__ import absolute_import, division import warnings import numpy as np from numpy import pi, sqrt, ones, zeros # @UnresolvedImport from scipy import integrate as intg import scipy.special.orthogonal as ort from scipy import special as sp from scipy.integrate import simps, trapz from .plotbackend import plotbackend as plt from .demos import humps from .misc import dea3 from .dctpack import dct # from pychebfun import Chebfun _EPS = np.finfo(float).eps _POINTS_AND_WEIGHTS = {} __all__ = ['dea3', 'clencurt', 'romberg', 'h_roots', 'j_roots', 'la_roots', 'p_roots', 'qrule', 'gaussq', 'richardson', 'quadgr', 'qdemo'] def clencurt(fun, a, b, n0=5, trace=False, args=()): ''' Numerical evaluation of an integral, Clenshaw-Curtis method. Parameters ---------- fun : callable a, b : array-like Lower and upper integration limit, respectively. n : integer defines number of evaluation points (default 5) Returns ------- Q = evaluated integral tol = Estimate of the approximation error Notes ----- CLENCURT approximates the integral of f(x) from a to b using an 2*n+1 points Clenshaw-Curtis formula. The error estimate is usually a conservative estimate of the approximation error. The integral is exact for polynomials of degree 2*n or less. Example ------- >>> import numpy as np >>> val, err = clencurt(np.exp, 0, 2) >>> np.allclose(val, np.expm1(2)), err[0] < 1e-10 (True, True) See also -------- simpson, gaussq References ---------- [1] Goodwin, E.T. (1961), "Modern Computing Methods", 2nd edition, New yourk: Philosophical Library, pp. 78--79 [2] Clenshaw, C.W. and Curtis, A.R. (1960), Numerische Matematik, Vol. 2, pp. 197--205 ''' # make sure n is even n = 2 * n0 a, b = np.atleast_1d(a, b) a_shape = a.shape af = a.ravel() bf = b.ravel() Na = np.prod(a_shape) s = np.r_[0:n + 1] s2 = np.r_[0:n + 1:2] s2.shape = (-1, 1) x1 = np.cos(np.pi * s / n) x1.shape = (-1, 1) x = x1 * (bf - af) / 2. + (bf + af) / 2 if hasattr(fun, '__call__'): f = fun(x) else: x0 = np.flipud(fun[:, 0]) n = len(x0) - 1 if abs(x - x0) > 1e-8: raise ValueError( 'Input vector x must equal cos(pi*s/n)*(b-a)/2+(b+a)/2') f = np.flipud(fun[:, 1::]) if trace: plt.plot(x, f, '+') # using a Gauss-Lobatto variant, i.e., first and last # term f(a) and f(b) is multiplied with 0.5 f[0, :] = f[0, :] / 2 f[n, :] = f[n, :] / 2 # x = cos(pi*0:n/n) # f = f(x) # # N+1 # c(k) = (2/N) sum f''(n)*cos(pi*(2*k-2)*(n-1)/N), 1 <= k <= N/2+1. # n=1 fft = np.fft.fft tmp = np.real(fft(f[:n, :], axis=0)) c = 2 / n * (tmp[0:n / 2 + 1, :] + np.cos(np.pi * s2) * f[n, :]) c[0, :] = c[0, :] / 2 c[n / 2, :] = c[n / 2, :] / 2 c = c[0:n / 2 + 1, :] / ((s2 - 1) * (s2 + 1)) Q = (af - bf) * np.sum(c, axis=0) abserr = (bf - af) * np.abs(c[n / 2, :]) if Na > 1: abserr = np.reshape(abserr, a_shape) Q = np.reshape(Q, a_shape) return Q, abserr def romberg(fun, a, b, releps=1e-3, abseps=1e-3): ''' Numerical integration with the Romberg method Parameters ---------- fun : callable function to integrate a, b : real scalars lower and upper integration limits, respectively. releps, abseps : scalar, optional requested relative and absolute error, respectively. Returns ------- Q : scalar value of integral abserr : scalar estimated absolute error of integral ROMBERG approximates the integral of F(X) from A to B using Romberg's method of integration. The function F must return a vector of output values if a vector of input values is given. Example ------- >>> import numpy as np >>> [q,err] = romberg(np.sqrt,0,10,0,1e-4) >>> np.allclose(q, 21.08185107) True >>> err[0] < 1e-4 True ''' h = b - a hMin = 1.0e-9 # Max size of extrapolation table tableLimit = max(min(np.round(np.log2(h / hMin)), 30), 3) rom = zeros((2, tableLimit)) rom[0, 0] = h * (fun(a) + fun(b)) / 2 ipower = 1 fp = ones(tableLimit) * 4 # Ih1 = 0 Ih2 = 0. Ih4 = rom[0, 0] abserr = Ih4 # epstab = zeros(1,decdigs+7) # newflg = 1 # [res,abserr,epstab,newflg] = dea(newflg,Ih4,abserr,epstab) two = 1 one = 0 for i in range(1, tableLimit): h *= 0.5 Un5 = np.sum(fun(a + np.arange(1, 2 * ipower, 2) * h)) * h # trapezoidal approximations # T2n = 0.5 * (Tn + Un) = 0.5*Tn + Un5 rom[two, 0] = 0.5 * rom[one, 0] + Un5 fp[i] = 4 * fp[i - 1] # Richardson extrapolation for k in range(i): rom[two, k + 1] = (rom[two, k] + (rom[two, k] - rom[one, k]) / (fp[k] - 1)) Ih1 = Ih2 Ih2 = Ih4 Ih4 = rom[two, i] if (2 <= i): res, abserr = dea3(Ih1, Ih2, Ih4) # Ih4 = res if (abserr <= max(abseps, releps * abs(res))): break # rom(1,1:i) = rom(2,1:i) two = one one = (one + 1) % 2 ipower *= 2 return res, abserr def h_roots(n, method='newton'): ''' Returns the roots (x) of the nth order Hermite polynomial, H_n(x), and weights (w) to use in Gaussian Quadrature over [-inf,inf] with weighting function exp(-x**2). Parameters ---------- n : integer number of roots method : 'newton' or 'eigenvalue' uses Newton Raphson to find zeros of the Hermite polynomial (Fast) or eigenvalue of the jacobi matrix (Slow) to obtain the nodes and weights, respectively. Returns ------- x : ndarray roots w : ndarray weights Example ------- >>> import numpy as np >>> x, w = h_roots(10) >>> np.allclose(np.sum(x*w), -5.2516042729766621e-19) True See also -------- qrule, gaussq References ---------- [1] Golub, G. H. and Welsch, J. H. (1969) 'Calculation of Gaussian Quadrature Rules' Mathematics of Computation, vol 23,page 221-230, [2]. Stroud and Secrest (1966), 'gaussian quadrature formulas', prentice-hall, Englewood cliffs, n.j. ''' if not method.startswith('n'): return ort.h_roots(n) else: sqrt = np.sqrt max_iter = 10 releps = 3e-14 C = [9.084064e-01, 5.214976e-02, 2.579930e-03, 3.986126e-03] # PIM4=0.7511255444649425 PIM4 = np.pi ** (-1. / 4) # The roots are symmetric about the origin, so we have to # find only half of them. m = int(np.fix((n + 1) / 2)) # Initial approximations to the roots go into z. anu = 2.0 * n + 1 rhs = np.arange(3, 4 * m, 4) * np.pi / anu r3 = rhs ** (1. / 3) r2 = r3 ** 2 theta = r3 * (C[0] + r2 * (C[1] + r2 * (C[2] + r2 * C[3]))) z = sqrt(anu) * np.cos(theta) L = zeros((3, len(z))) k0 = 0 kp1 = 1 for _its in range(max_iter): # Newtons method carried out simultaneously on the roots. L[k0, :] = 0 L[kp1, :] = PIM4 for j in range(1, n + 1): # Loop up the recurrence relation to get the Hermite # polynomials evaluated at z. km1 = k0 k0 = kp1 kp1 = np.mod(kp1 + 1, 3) L[kp1, :] = (z * sqrt(2 / j) * L[k0, :] - np.sqrt((j - 1) / j) * L[km1, :]) # L now contains the desired Hermite polynomials. # We next compute pp, the derivatives, # by the relation (4.5.21) using p2, the polynomials # of one lower order. pp = sqrt(2 * n) * L[k0, :] dz = L[kp1, :] / pp z = z - dz # Newtons formula. if not np.any(abs(dz) > releps): break else: warnings.warn('too many iterations!') x = np.empty(n) w = np.empty(n) x[0:m] = z # Store the root x[n - 1:n - m - 1:-1] = -z # and its symmetric counterpart. w[0:m] = 2. / pp ** 2 # Compute the weight w[n - 1:n - m - 1:-1] = w[0:m] # and its symmetric counterpart. return x, w def j_roots(n, alpha, beta, method='newton'): ''' Returns the roots of the nth order Jacobi polynomial, P^(alpha,beta)_n(x) and weights (w) to use in Gaussian Quadrature over [-1,1] with weighting function (1-x)**alpha (1+x)**beta with alpha,beta > -1. Parameters ---------- n : integer number of roots alpha,beta : scalars defining shape of Jacobi polynomial method : 'newton' or 'eigenvalue' uses Newton Raphson to find zeros of the Hermite polynomial (Fast) or eigenvalue of the jacobi matrix (Slow) to obtain the nodes and weights, respectively. Returns ------- x : ndarray roots w : ndarray weights Example -------- >>> [x,w]= j_roots(10,0,0) >>> sum(x*w) 2.7755575615628914e-16 See also -------- qrule, gaussq Reference --------- [1] Golub, G. H. and Welsch, J. H. (1969) 'Calculation of Gaussian Quadrature Rules' Mathematics of Computation, vol 23,page 221-230, [2]. Stroud and Secrest (1966), 'gaussian quadrature formulas', prentice-hall, Englewood cliffs, n.j. ''' if not method.startswith('n'): [x, w] = ort.j_roots(n, alpha, beta) else: max_iter = 10 releps = 3e-14 # Initial approximations to the roots go into z. alfbet = alpha + beta z = np.cos(np.pi * (np.arange(1, n + 1) - 0.25 + 0.5 * alpha) / (n + 0.5 * (alfbet + 1))) L = zeros((3, len(z))) k0 = 0 kp1 = 1 for _its in range(max_iter): # Newton's method carried out simultaneously on the roots. tmp = 2 + alfbet L[k0, :] = 1 L[kp1, :] = (alpha - beta + tmp * z) / 2 for j in range(2, n + 1): # Loop up the recurrence relation to get the Jacobi # polynomials evaluated at z. km1 = k0 k0 = kp1 kp1 = np.mod(kp1 + 1, 3) a = 2. * j * (j + alfbet) * tmp tmp = tmp + 2 c = 2 * (j - 1 + alpha) * (j - 1 + beta) * tmp b = (tmp - 1) * (alpha ** 2 - beta ** 2 + tmp * (tmp - 2) * z) L[kp1, :] = (b * L[k0, :] - c * L[km1, :]) / a # L now contains the desired Jacobi polynomials. # We next compute pp, the derivatives with a standard # relation involving the polynomials of one lower order. pp = ((n * (alpha - beta - tmp * z) * L[kp1, :] + 2 * (n + alpha) * (n + beta) * L[k0, :]) / (tmp * (1 - z ** 2))) dz = L[kp1, :] / pp z = z - dz # Newton's formula. if not any(abs(dz) > releps * abs(z)): break else: warnings.warn('too many iterations in jrule') x = z # %Store the root and the weight. f = (sp.gammaln(alpha + n) + sp.gammaln(beta + n) - sp.gammaln(n + 1) - sp.gammaln(alpha + beta + n + 1)) w = (np.exp(f) * tmp * 2 ** alfbet / (pp * L[k0, :])) return x, w def la_roots(n, alpha=0, method='newton'): ''' Returns the roots (x) of the nth order generalized (associated) Laguerre polynomial, L^(alpha)_n(x), and weights (w) to use in Gaussian quadrature over [0,inf] with weighting function exp(-x) x**alpha with alpha > -1. Parameters ---------- n : integer number of roots method : 'newton' or 'eigenvalue' uses Newton Raphson to find zeros of the Laguerre polynomial (Fast) or eigenvalue of the jacobi matrix (Slow) to obtain the nodes and weights, respectively. Returns ------- x : ndarray roots w : ndarray weights Example ------- >>> import numpy as np >>> [x,w] = h_roots(10) >>> np.sum(x*w) 1.3352627380516791e-17 See also -------- qrule, gaussq References ---------- [1] Golub, G. H. and Welsch, J. H. (1969) 'Calculation of Gaussian Quadrature Rules' Mathematics of Computation, vol 23,page 221-230, [2]. Stroud and Secrest (1966), 'gaussian quadrature formulas', prentice-hall, Englewood cliffs, n.j. ''' if alpha <= -1: raise ValueError('alpha must be greater than -1') if not method.startswith('n'): return ort.la_roots(n, alpha) else: max_iter = 10 releps = 3e-14 C = [9.084064e-01, 5.214976e-02, 2.579930e-03, 3.986126e-03] # Initial approximations to the roots go into z. anu = 4.0 * n + 2.0 * alpha + 2.0 rhs = np.arange(4 * n - 1, 2, -4) * np.pi / anu r3 = rhs ** (1. / 3) r2 = r3 ** 2 theta = r3 * (C[0] + r2 * (C[1] + r2 * (C[2] + r2 * C[3]))) z = anu * np.cos(theta) ** 2 dz = zeros(len(z)) L = zeros((3, len(z))) Lp = zeros((1, len(z))) pp = zeros((1, len(z))) k0 = 0 kp1 = 1 k = slice(len(z)) for _its in range(max_iter): # Newton's method carried out simultaneously on the roots. L[k0, k] = 0. L[kp1, k] = 1. for jj in range(1, n + 1): # Loop up the recurrence relation to get the Laguerre # polynomials evaluated at z. km1 = k0 k0 = kp1 kp1 = np.mod(kp1 + 1, 3) L[kp1, k] = ((2 * jj - 1 + alpha - z[k]) * L[ k0, k] - (jj - 1 + alpha) * L[km1, k]) / jj # end # L now contains the desired Laguerre polynomials. # We next compute pp, the derivatives with a standard # relation involving the polynomials of one lower order. Lp[k] = L[k0, k] pp[k] = (n * L[kp1, k] - (n + alpha) * Lp[k]) / z[k] dz[k] = L[kp1, k] / pp[k] z[k] = z[k] - dz[k] # % Newton?s formula. # k = find((abs(dz) > releps.*z)) if not np.any(abs(dz) > releps): break else: warnings.warn('too many iterations!') x = z w = -np.exp(sp.gammaln(alpha + n) - sp.gammaln(n)) / (pp * n * Lp) return x, w def p_roots(n, method='newton', a=-1, b=1): ''' Returns the roots (x) of the nth order Legendre polynomial, P_n(x), and weights (w) to use in Gaussian Quadrature over [-1,1] with weighting function 1. Parameters ---------- n : integer number of roots method : 'newton' or 'eigenvalue' uses Newton Raphson to find zeros of the Hermite polynomial (Fast) or eigenvalue of the jacobi matrix (Slow) to obtain the nodes and weights, respectively. Returns ------- x : ndarray roots w : ndarray weights Example ------- Integral of exp(x) from a = 0 to b = 3 is: exp(3)-exp(0)= >>> import numpy as np >>> x, w = p_roots(11, a=0, b=3) >>> np.allclose(np.sum(np.exp(x)*w), 19.085536923187668) True See also -------- quadg. References ---------- [1] Davis and Rabinowitz (1975) 'Methods of Numerical Integration', page 365, Academic Press. [2] Golub, G. H. and Welsch, J. H. (1969) 'Calculation of Gaussian Quadrature Rules' Mathematics of Computation, vol 23,page 221-230, [3] Stroud and Secrest (1966), 'gaussian quadrature formulas', prentice-hall, Englewood cliffs, n.j. ''' if not method.startswith('n'): x, w = ort.p_roots(n) else: m = int(np.fix((n + 1) / 2)) mm = 4 * m - 1 t = (np.pi / (4 * n + 2)) * np.arange(3, mm + 1, 4) nn = (1 - (1 - 1 / n) / (8 * n * n)) xo = nn * np.cos(t) if method.endswith('1'): # Compute the zeros of the N+1 Legendre Polynomial # using the recursion relation and the Newton-Raphson method # Legendre-Gauss Polynomials L = zeros((3, m)) # Derivative of LGP Lp = zeros((m,)) dx = zeros((m,)) releps = 1e-15 max_iter = 100 # Compute the zeros of the N+1 Legendre Polynomial # using the recursion relation and the Newton-Raphson method # Iterate until new points are uniformly within epsilon of old # points k = slice(m) k0 = 0 kp1 = 1 for _ix in range(max_iter): L[k0, k] = 1 L[kp1, k] = xo[k] for jj in range(2, n + 1): km1 = k0 k0 = kp1 kp1 = np.mod(k0 + 1, 3) L[kp1, k] = ((2 * jj - 1) * xo[k] * L[ k0, k] - (jj - 1) * L[km1, k]) / jj Lp[k] = n * (L[k0, k] - xo[k] * L[kp1, k]) / (1 - xo[k] ** 2) dx[k] = L[kp1, k] / Lp[k] xo[k] = xo[k] - dx[k] k, = np.nonzero((abs(dx) > releps * np.abs(xo))) if len(k) == 0: break else: warnings.warn('Too many iterations!') x = -xo w = 2. / ((1 - x ** 2) * (Lp ** 2)) else: # Algorithm given by Davis and Rabinowitz in 'Methods # of Numerical Integration', page 365, Academic Press, 1975. e1 = n * (n + 1) for _j in range(2): pkm1 = 1 pk = xo for k in range(2, n + 1): t1 = xo * pk pkp1 = t1 - pkm1 - (t1 - pkm1) / k + t1 pkm1 = pk pk = pkp1 den = 1. - xo * xo d1 = n * (pkm1 - xo * pk) dpn = d1 / den d2pn = (2. * xo * dpn - e1 * pk) / den d3pn = (4. * xo * d2pn + (2 - e1) * dpn) / den d4pn = (6. * xo * d3pn + (6 - e1) * d2pn) / den u = pk / dpn v = d2pn / dpn h = (-u * (1 + (.5 * u) * (v + u * (v * v - u * d3pn / (3 * dpn))))) p = (pk + h * (dpn + (.5 * h) * (d2pn + (h / 3) * (d3pn + .25 * h * d4pn)))) dp = dpn + h * (d2pn + (.5 * h) * (d3pn + h * d4pn / 3)) h = h - p / dp xo = xo + h x = -xo - h fx = (d1 - h * e1 * (pk + (h / 2) * (dpn + (h / 3) * (d2pn + (h / 4) * (d3pn + (.2 * h) * d4pn))))) w = 2 * (1 - x ** 2) / (fx ** 2) if (m + m) > n: x[m - 1] = 0.0 if not ((m + m) == n): m = m - 1 x = np.hstack((x, -x[m - 1::-1])) w = np.hstack((w, w[m - 1::-1])) if (a != -1) | (b != 1): # Linear map from[-1,1] to [a,b] dh = (b - a) / 2 x = dh * (x + 1) + a w = w * dh return x, w def qrule(n, wfun=1, alpha=0, beta=0): ''' Return nodes and weights for Gaussian quadratures. Parameters ---------- n : integer number of base points wfun : integer defining the weight function, p(x). (default wfun = 1) 1,11,21: p(x) = 1 a =-1, b = 1 Gauss-Legendre 2,12 : p(x) = exp(-x^2) a =-inf, b = inf Hermite 3,13 : p(x) = x^alpha*exp(-x) a = 0, b = inf Laguerre 4,14 : p(x) = (x-a)^alpha*(b-x)^beta a =-1, b = 1 Jacobi 5 : p(x) = 1/sqrt((x-a)*(b-x)), a =-1, b = 1 Chebyshev 1'st kind 6 : p(x) = sqrt((x-a)*(b-x)), a =-1, b = 1 Chebyshev 2'nd kind 7 : p(x) = sqrt((x-a)/(b-x)), a = 0, b = 1 8 : p(x) = 1/sqrt(b-x), a = 0, b = 1 9 : p(x) = sqrt(b-x), a = 0, b = 1 Returns ------- bp = base points (abscissas) wf = weight factors The Gaussian Quadrature integrates a (2n-1)th order polynomial exactly and the integral is of the form b n Int ( p(x)* F(x) ) dx = Sum ( wf_j* F( bp_j ) ) a j=1 where p(x) is the weight function. For Jacobi and Laguerre: alpha, beta >-1 (default alpha=beta=0) Examples: --------- >>> import numpy as np # integral of x^2 from a = -1 to b = 1 >>> [bp,wf] = qrule(10) >>> np.allclose(sum(bp**2*wf), 0.66666666666666641) True # integral of exp(-x.^2)*x.^2 from a = -inf to b = inf >>> [bp,wf] = qrule(10,2) >>> np.allclose(sum(bp**2*wf), 0.88622692545275772) True # integral of (x+1)*(1-x)^2 from a = -1 to b = 1 >>> [bp,wf] = qrule(10,4,1,2) >>> np.allclose((bp*wf).sum(), 0.26666666666666755) True See also -------- gaussq Reference --------- Abromowitz and Stegun (1954) (for method 5 to 9) ''' if (alpha <= -1) | (beta <= -1): raise ValueError('alpha and beta must be greater than -1') if wfun == 1: # Gauss-Legendre [bp, wf] = p_roots(n) elif wfun == 2: # Hermite [bp, wf] = h_roots(n) elif wfun == 3: # Generalized Laguerre [bp, wf] = la_roots(n, alpha) elif wfun == 4: # Gauss-Jacobi [bp, wf] = j_roots(n, alpha, beta) elif wfun == 5: # p(x)=1/sqrt((x-a)*(b-x)), a=-1 and b=1 (default) jj = np.arange(1, n + 1) wf = ones(n) * np.pi / n bp = np.cos((2 * jj - 1) * np.pi / (2 * n)) elif wfun == 6: # p(x)=sqrt((x-a)*(b-x)), a=-1 and b=1 jj = np.arange(1, n + 1) xj = jj * np.pi / (n + 1) wf = np.pi / (n + 1) * np.sin(xj) ** 2 bp = np.cos(xj) elif wfun == 7: # p(x)=sqrt((x-a)/(b-x)), a=0 and b=1 jj = np.arange(1, n + 1) xj = (jj - 0.5) * pi / (2 * n + 1) bp = np.cos(xj) ** 2 wf = 2 * np.pi * bp / (2 * n + 1) elif wfun == 8: # p(x)=1/sqrt(b-x), a=0 and b=1 [bp1, wf1] = p_roots(2 * n) k, = np.where(0 <= bp1) wf = 2 * wf1[k] bp = 1 - bp1[k] ** 2 elif wfun == 9: # p(x)=np.sqrt(b-x), a=0 and b=1 [bp1, wf1] = p_roots(2 * n + 1) k, = np.where(0 < bp1) wf = 2 * bp1[k] ** 2 * wf1[k] bp = 1 - bp1[k] ** 2 else: raise ValueError('unknown weight function') return bp, wf class _Gaussq(object): ''' Numerically evaluate integral, Gauss quadrature. Parameters ---------- fun : callable a,b : array-like lower and upper integration limits, respectively. releps, abseps : real scalars, optional relative and absolute tolerance, respectively. (default releps=abseps=1e-3). wfun : scalar integer, optional defining the weight function, p(x). (default wfun = 1) 1 : p(x) = 1 a =-1, b = 1 Gauss-Legendre 2 : p(x) = exp(-x^2) a =-inf, b = inf Hermite 3 : p(x) = x^alpha*exp(-x) a = 0, b = inf Laguerre 4 : p(x) = (x-a)^alpha*(b-x)^beta a =-1, b = 1 Jacobi 5 : p(x) = 1/sqrt((x-a)*(b-x)), a =-1, b = 1 Chebyshev 1'st kind 6 : p(x) = sqrt((x-a)*(b-x)), a =-1, b = 1 Chebyshev 2'nd kind 7 : p(x) = sqrt((x-a)/(b-x)), a = 0, b = 1 8 : p(x) = 1/sqrt(b-x), a = 0, b = 1 9 : p(x) = sqrt(b-x), a = 0, b = 1 trace : bool, optional If non-zero a point plot of the integrand (default False). gn : scalar integer number of base points to start the integration with (default 2). alpha, beta : real scalars, optional Shape parameters of Laguerre or Jacobi weight function (alpha,beta>-1) (default alpha=beta=0) Returns ------- val : ndarray evaluated integral err : ndarray error estimate, absolute tolerance abs(int-intold) Notes ----- GAUSSQ numerically evaluate integral using a Gauss quadrature. The Quadrature integrates a (2m-1)th order polynomial exactly and the integral is of the form b Int (p(x)* Fun(x)) dx a GAUSSQ is vectorized to accept integration limits A, B and coefficients P1,P2,...Pn, as matrices or scalars and the result is the common size of A, B and P1,P2,...,Pn. Examples --------- integration of x**2 from 0 to 2 and from 1 to 4 >>> import numpy as np >>> A = [0, 1] >>> B = [2, 4] >>> fun = lambda x: x**2 >>> val1, err1 = gaussq(fun,A,B) >>> np.allclose(val1, [ 2.6666667, 21. ]) True >>> np.allclose(err1, [ 1.7763568e-15, 1.0658141e-14]) True Integration of x^2*exp(-x) from zero to infinity: >>> fun2 = lambda x : np.ones(np.shape(x)) >>> val2, err2 = gaussq(fun2, 0, np.inf, wfun=3, alpha=2) >>> val3, err3 = gaussq(lambda x: x**2,0, np.inf, wfun=3, alpha=0) >>> np.allclose(val2, 2), err2[0] < 1e-14 (True, True) >>> np.allclose(val3, 2), err3[0] < 1e-14 (True, True) Integrate humps from 0 to 2 and from 1 to 4 >>> val4, err4 = gaussq(humps,A,B) See also -------- qrule gaussq2d ''' def _get_dx(self, wfun, jacob, alpha, beta): if wfun in [1, 2, 3, 7]: dx = jacob elif wfun == 4: dx = jacob ** (alpha + beta + 1) elif wfun == 5: dx = ones((np.size(jacob), 1)) elif wfun == 6: dx = jacob ** 2 elif wfun == 8: dx = sqrt(jacob) elif wfun == 9: dx = sqrt(jacob) ** 3 else: raise ValueError('unknown option') return dx.ravel() def _points_and_weights(self, gn, wfun, alpha, beta): global _POINTS_AND_WEIGHTS name = 'wfun%d_%d_%g_%g' % (wfun, gn, alpha, beta) x_and_w = _POINTS_AND_WEIGHTS.setdefault(name, []) if len(x_and_w) == 0: x_and_w.extend(qrule(gn, wfun, alpha, beta)) xn, w = x_and_w return xn, w def _initialize_trace(self, max_iter): if self.trace: self.x_trace = [0] * max_iter self.y_trace = [0] * max_iter def _plot_trace(self, x, y): if self.trace: self.x_trace.append(x.ravel()) self.y_trace.append(y.ravel()) hfig = plt.plot(x, y, 'r.') plt.setp(hfig, 'color', 'b') def _plot_final_trace(self): if self.trace > 0: plt.clf() plt.plot(np.hstack(self.x_trace), np.hstack(self.y_trace), '+') def _get_jacob(self, wfun, A, B): if wfun in [2, 3]: nk = np.size(A) jacob = ones((nk, 1)) else: jacob = (B - A) * 0.5 if wfun in [7, 8, 9]: jacob = jacob * 2 return jacob def _warn(self, k, a_shape): nk = len(k) if nk > 1: if (nk == np.prod(a_shape)): tmptxt = 'All integrals did not converge' else: tmptxt = '%d integrals did not converge' % (nk, ) tmptxt = tmptxt + '--singularities likely!' else: tmptxt = 'Integral did not converge--singularity likely!' warnings.warn(tmptxt) def _initialize(self, wfun, a, b, args): args = np.broadcast_arrays(*np.atleast_1d(a, b, *args)) a_shape = args[0].shape args = [np.reshape(x, (-1, 1)) for x in args] A, B = args[:2] args = args[2:] if wfun in [2, 3]: A = zeros((A.size, 1)) return A, B, args, a_shape def __call__(self, fun, a, b, releps=1e-3, abseps=1e-3, alpha=0, beta=0, wfun=1, trace=False, args=(), max_iter=11): self.trace = trace gn = 2 A, B, args, a_shape = self._initialize(wfun, a, b, args) jacob = self._get_jacob(wfun, A, B) shift = int(wfun in [1, 4, 5, 6]) dx = self._get_dx(wfun, jacob, alpha, beta) self._initialize_trace(max_iter) # Break out of the iteration loop for three reasons: # 1) the last update is very small (compared to int and to releps) # 2) There are more than 11 iterations. This should NEVER happen. dtype = np.result_type(fun((A+B)*0.5, *args)) nk = np.prod(a_shape) # # of integrals we have to compute k = np.arange(nk) opts = (nk, dtype) val, val_old, abserr = zeros(*opts), ones(*opts), zeros(*opts) for i in range(max_iter): xn, w = self._points_and_weights(gn, wfun, alpha, beta) x = (xn + shift) * jacob[k, :] + A[k, :] pi = [xi[k, :] for xi in args] y = fun(x, *pi) self._plot_trace(x, y) val[k] = np.sum(w * y, axis=1) * dx[k] # do the integration if any(np.isnan(val)): val[np.isnan(val)] = val_old[np.isnan(val)] if 1 < i: abserr[k] = abs(val_old[k] - val[k]) # absolute tolerance k, = np.where(abserr > np.maximum(abs(releps * val), abseps)) nk = len(k) # of integrals we have to compute again if nk == 0: break val_old[k] = val[k] gn *= 2 # double the # of basepoints and weights else: self._warn(k, a_shape) # make sure int is the same size as the integration limits val.shape = a_shape abserr.shape = a_shape self._plot_final_trace() return val, abserr gaussq = _Gaussq() def richardson(Q, k): # license BSD # Richardson extrapolation with parameter estimation c = np.real((Q[k - 1] - Q[k - 2]) / (Q[k] - Q[k - 1])) - 1. # The lower bound 0.07 admits the singularity x.^-0.9 c = max(c, 0.07) R = Q[k] + (Q[k] - Q[k - 1]) / c return R class _Quadgr(object): def __call__(self, fun, a, b, abseps=1e-5, max_iter=17): ''' Gauss-Legendre quadrature with Richardson extrapolation. [Q,ERR] = QUADGR(FUN,A,B,TOL) approximates the integral of a function FUN from A to B with an absolute error tolerance TOL. FUN is a function handle and must accept vector arguments. TOL is 1e-6 by default. Q is the integral approximation and ERR is an estimate of the absolute error. QUADGR uses a 12-point Gauss-Legendre quadrature. The error estimate is based on successive interval bisection. Richardson extrapolation accelerates the convergence for some integrals, especially integrals with endpoint singularities. Examples -------- >>> import numpy as np >>> Q, err = quadgr(np.log,0,1) >>> q, err = quadgr(np.exp,0,9999*1j*np.pi) >>> np.allclose(q, -2.0000000000122662), err < 1.0e-08 (True, True) >>> q, err = quadgr(lambda x: np.sqrt(4-x**2), 0, 2, abseps=1e-12) >>> np.allclose(q, 3.1415926535897811), err < 1.0e-12 (True, True) >>> q, err = quadgr(lambda x: x**-0.75, 0, 1) >>> np.allclose(q, 4), err < 1.e-13 (True, True) >>> q, err = quadgr(lambda x: 1./np.sqrt(1-x**2), -1, 1) >>> np.allclose(q, 3.141596056985029), err < 1.0e-05 (True, True) >>> q, err = quadgr(lambda x: np.exp(-x**2), -np.inf, np.inf, 1e-9) >>> np.allclose(q, np.sqrt(np.pi)), err < 1e-9 (True, True) >>> q, err = quadgr(lambda x: np.cos(x)*np.exp(-x), 0, np.inf, 1e-9) >>> np.allclose(q, 0.5), err < 1e-9 (True, True) See also -------- QUAD, QUADGK ''' # Author: jonas.lundgren@saabgroup.com, 2009. license BSD # Order limits (required if infinite limits) a = np.asarray(a) b = np.asarray(b) if a == b: Q = b - a err = b - a return Q, err elif np.real(a) > np.real(b): reverse = True a, b = b, a else: reverse = False # Infinite limits if np.isinf(a) | np.isinf(b): # Check real limits if ~ np.isreal(a) | ~np.isreal(b) | np.isnan(a) | np.isnan(b): raise ValueError('Infinite intervals must be real.') # Change of variable if np.isfinite(a) & np.isinf(b): # a to inf Q, err = quadgr(lambda t: fun(a + t / (1 - t)) / (1 - t) ** 2, 0, 1, abseps) elif np.isinf(a) & np.isfinite(b): # -inf to b Q, err = quadgr(lambda t: fun(b + t / (1 + t)) / (1 + t) ** 2, -1, 0, abseps) else: # -inf to inf Q1, err1 = quadgr(lambda t: fun(t / (1 - t)) / (1 - t) ** 2, 0, 1, abseps / 2) Q2, err2 = quadgr(lambda t: fun(t / (1 + t)) / (1 + t) ** 2, -1, 0, abseps / 2) Q = Q1 + Q2 err = err1 + err2 # Reverse direction if reverse: Q = -Q return Q, err # Gauss-Legendre quadrature (12-point) xq = np.asarray( [0.12523340851146894, 0.36783149899818018, 0.58731795428661748, 0.76990267419430469, 0.9041172563704748, 0.98156063424671924]) wq = np.asarray( [0.24914704581340288, 0.23349253653835478, 0.20316742672306584, 0.16007832854334636, 0.10693932599531818, 0.047175336386511842]) xq = np.hstack((xq, -xq)) wq = np.hstack((wq, wq)) nq = len(xq) dtype = np.result_type(fun(a), fun(b)) # Initiate vectors Q0 = zeros(max_iter, dtype=dtype) # Quadrature Q1 = zeros(max_iter, dtype=dtype) # First Richardson extrapolation Q2 = zeros(max_iter, dtype=dtype) # Second Richardson extrapolation # One interval hh = (b - a) / 2 # Half interval length x = (a + b) / 2 + hh * xq # Nodes # Quadrature Q0[0] = hh * np.sum(wq * fun(x), axis=0) # Successive bisection of intervals for k in range(1, max_iter): # Interval bisection hh = hh / 2 x = np.hstack([x + a, x + b]) / 2 # Quadrature Q0[k] = hh * np.sum(wq * np.sum(np.reshape(fun(x), (-1, nq)), axis=0), axis=0) # Richardson extrapolation if k >= 5: Q1[k] = richardson(Q0, k) Q2[k] = richardson(Q1, k) elif k >= 3: Q1[k] = richardson(Q0, k) # Estimate absolute error if k >= 6: Qv = np.hstack((Q0[k], Q1[k], Q2[k])) Qw = np.hstack((Q0[k - 1], Q1[k - 1], Q2[k - 1])) elif k >= 4: Qv = np.hstack((Q0[k], Q1[k])) Qw = np.hstack((Q0[k - 1], Q1[k - 1])) else: Qv = np.atleast_1d(Q0[k]) Qw = Q0[k - 1] errors = np.atleast_1d(abs(Qv - Qw)) j = errors.argmin() err = errors[j] Q = Qv[j] if k >= 2: # and not iscomplex: _val, err1 = dea3(Q0[k - 2], Q0[k - 1], Q0[k]) # Convergence if (err < abseps) | ~np.isfinite(Q): break else: warnings.warn('Max number of iterations reached without ' + 'convergence.') if ~ np.isfinite(Q): warnings.warn('Integral approximation is Infinite or NaN.') # The error estimate should not be zero err = err + 2 * np.finfo(Q).eps # Reverse direction if reverse: Q = -Q return Q, err quadgr = _Quadgr() def boole(y, x): a, b = x[0], x[-1] n = len(x) h = (b - a) / (n - 1) return (2 * h / 45) * (7 * (y[0] + y[-1]) + 12 * np.sum(y[2:n - 1:4]) + 32 * np.sum(y[1:n - 1:2]) + 14 * np.sum(y[4:n - 3:4])) def qdemo(f, a, b, kmax=9, plot_error=False): ''' Compares different quadrature rules. Parameters ---------- f : callable function a,b : scalars lower and upper integration limits Details ------- qdemo(f,a,b) computes and compares various approximations to the integral of f from a to b. Three approximations are used, the composite trapezoid, Simpson's, and Boole's rules, all with equal length subintervals. In a case like qdemo(exp,0,3) one can see the expected convergence rates for each of the three methods. In a case like qdemo(sqrt,0,3), the convergence rate is limited not by the method, but by the singularity of the integrand. Example ------- >>> import numpy as np >>> qdemo(np.exp,0,3) true value = 19.08553692 ftn, Boole, Chebychev evals approx error approx error 3, 19.4008539142, 0.3153169910, 19.5061466023, 0.4206096791 5, 19.0910191534, 0.0054822302, 19.0910191534, 0.0054822302 9, 19.0856414320, 0.0001045088, 19.0855374134, 0.0000004902 17, 19.0855386464, 0.0000017232, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000 33, 19.0855369505, 0.0000000273, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000 65, 19.0855369236, 0.0000000004, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000 129, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000 257, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000 513, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000 ftn, Clenshaw-Curtis, Gauss-Legendre evals approx error approx error 3, 19.5061466023, 0.4206096791, 19.0803304585, 0.0052064647 5, 19.0834145766, 0.0021223465, 19.0855365951, 0.0000003281 9, 19.0855369150, 0.0000000082, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000 17, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000 33, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000 65, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000 129, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000 257, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000 513, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000, 19.0855369232, 0.0000000000 ftn, Simps, Trapz evals approx error approx error 3, 19.5061466023, 0.4206096791, 22.5366862979, 3.4511493747 5, 19.1169646189, 0.0314276957, 19.9718950387, 0.8863581155 9, 19.0875991312, 0.0020622080, 19.3086731081, 0.2231361849 17, 19.0856674267, 0.0001305035, 19.1414188470, 0.0558819239 33, 19.0855451052, 0.0000081821, 19.0995135407, 0.0139766175 65, 19.0855374350, 0.0000005118, 19.0890314614, 0.0034945382 129, 19.0855369552, 0.0000000320, 19.0864105817, 0.0008736585 257, 19.0855369252, 0.0000000020, 19.0857553393, 0.0002184161 513, 19.0855369233, 0.0000000001, 19.0855915273, 0.0000546041 ''' true_val, _tol = intg.quad(f, a, b) print('true value = %12.8f' % (true_val,)) neval = zeros(kmax, dtype=int) vals_dic = {} err_dic = {} # try various approximations methods = [trapz, simps, boole, ] for k in range(kmax): n = 2 ** (k + 1) + 1 neval[k] = n x = np.linspace(a, b, n) y = f(x) for method in methods: name = method.__name__.title() q = method(y, x) vals_dic.setdefault(name, []).append(q) err_dic.setdefault(name, []).append(abs(q - true_val)) name = 'Clenshaw-Curtis' q, _ec3 = clencurt(f, a, b, (n - 1) / 2) vals_dic.setdefault(name, []).append(q[0]) err_dic.setdefault(name, []).append(abs(q[0] - true_val)) name = 'Chebychev' ck = np.polynomial.chebyshev.chebfit(x, y, deg=min(n-1, 36)) cki = np.polynomial.chebyshev.chebint(ck) q = np.polynomial.chebyshev.chebval(x[-1], cki) vals_dic.setdefault(name, []).append(q) err_dic.setdefault(name, []).append(abs(q - true_val)) # ck = chebfit(f,n,a,b) # q = chebval(b,chebint(ck,a,b),a,b) # qc2[k] = q; ec2[k] = abs(q - true) name = 'Gauss-Legendre' # quadrature q = intg.fixed_quad(f, a, b, n=n)[0] # [x, w]=qrule(n,1) # x = (b-a)/2*x + (a+b)/2 % Transform base points X. # w = (b-a)/2*w % Adjust weigths. # q = sum(feval(f,x)*w) vals_dic.setdefault(name, []).append(q) err_dic.setdefault(name, []).append(abs(q - true_val)) # display results names = sorted(vals_dic.keys()) num_cols = 2 formats = ['%4.0f, ', ] + ['%10.10f, ', ] * num_cols * 2 formats[-1] = formats[-1].split(',')[0] formats_h = ['%4s, ', ] + ['%20s, ', ] * num_cols formats_h[-1] = formats_h[-1].split(',')[0] headers = ['evals'] + ['%12s %12s' % ('approx', 'error')] * num_cols while len(names) > 0: print(''.join(fi % t for fi, t in zip(formats_h, ['ftn'] + names[:num_cols]))) print(' '.join(headers)) data = [neval] for name in names[:num_cols]: data.append(vals_dic[name]) data.append(err_dic[name]) data = np.vstack(tuple(data)).T for k in range(kmax): tmp = data[k].tolist() print(''.join(fi % t for fi, t in zip(formats, tmp))) if plot_error: plt.figure(0) for name in names[:num_cols]: plt.loglog(neval, err_dic[name], label=name) names = names[num_cols:] if plot_error: plt.xlabel('number of function evaluations') plt.ylabel('error') plt.legend() plt.show('hold') def main(): # val, err = clencurt(np.exp, 0, 2) # valt = np.exp(2) - np.exp(0) # [Q, err] = quadgr(lambda x: x ** 2, 1, 4, 1e-9) # [Q, err] = quadgr(humps, 1, 4, 1e-9) # # [x, w] = h_roots(11, 'newton') # sum(w) # [x2, w2] = la_roots(11, 1, 't') # # from scitools import numpyutils as npu #@UnresolvedImport # fun = npu.wrap2callable('x**2') # p0 = fun(0) # A = [0, 1, 1]; B = [2, 4, 3] # area, err = gaussq(fun, A, B) # # fun = npu.wrap2callable('x**2') # [val1, err1] = gaussq(fun, A, B) # # # Integration of x^2*exp(-x) from zero to infinity: # fun2 = npu.wrap2callable('1') # [val2, err2] = gaussq(fun2, 0, np.inf, wfun=3, alpha=2) # [val2, err2] = gaussq(lambda x: x ** 2, 0, np.inf, wfun=3, alpha=0) # # Integrate humps from 0 to 2 and from 1 to 4 # [val3, err3] = gaussq(humps, A, B) # # [x, w] = p_roots(11, 'newton', 1, 3) # y = np.sum(x ** 2 * w) x = np.linspace(0, np.pi / 2) _q0 = np.trapz(humps(x), x) [q, err] = romberg(humps, 0, np.pi / 2, 1e-4) print(q, err) def test_docstrings(): np.set_printoptions(precision=7) import doctest doctest.testmod() if __name__ == '__main__': test_docstrings() # qdemo(np.exp, 0, 3, plot_error=True) # plt.show('hold') # main()